High-accuracy centroid location of CCD imaging retro-reflective targets in close-range photogrammetry

Kaifeng Ma; Guiping Huang; Junzhen Meng

doi:10.1364/AO.518097

Applied Optics
Vol. 63,
Issue 14,
pp. 3965-3972
(2024)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.518097

High-accuracy centroid location of CCD imaging retro-reflective targets in close-range photogrammetry

Kaifeng Ma, Guiping Huang, and Junzhen Meng

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Kaifeng Ma, Guiping Huang, and Junzhen Meng, "High-accuracy centroid location of CCD imaging retro-reflective targets in close-range photogrammetry," Appl. Opt. 63, 3965-3972 (2024)

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Abstract

Depending on the size, shape, and gray intensity distribution of charge-coupled device (CCD) imaging retro-reflective targets (RRTs) in close-range photogrammetry, and based on conventional grayscale centroiding, this paper proposes grayscale threshold variable-index weighted centroiding (GTVIWC). The centroid location accuracy of CCD imaging RRTs was analyzed and compared using simulated and measured target images, respectively. The experimental results demonstrated that the centroid location accuracy of the algorithms used in the experiment was relatively high, reaching the subpixel level. Among them, GTVIWC has the highest location accuracy. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the centroid location for the simulated and measured CCD imaging RRTs reaches 0.0011 pixels and 0.0122 pixels, respectively. The correctness, reliability, and high accuracy of the proposed algorithm are verified.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Simulated Targets	$α$	$Δ x / P i x e l s$	$Δ y / P i x e l s$	${E r r o r}_{P} / P i x e l s$
P1	1.9	−0.0004	−0.0001	0.0004
P2	1.9	0.0010	0.0013	0.0016
P3	1.8	0.0006	0.0006	0.0009
P4	1.7	−0.0013	−0.0019	0.0023
P5	1.5	−0.0007	−0.0025	0.0026
P6	1.8	0.0002	−0.0001	0.0002
P7	1.5	−0.0004	0.0010	0.0010
P8	1.5	0.0010	0.0006	0.0012
P9	1.6	0.0017	0.0019	0.0026
P10	1.2	−0.0003	−0.0017	0.0018

$T$	$Δ x / P i x e l s$	$Δ y / P i x e l s$	${E r r o r}_{P} / P i x e l s$
0	0.0049	0.0038	0.0062
1	0.0038	0.0027	0.0047
2	0.0035	0.0028	0.0045
3	0.0021	−0.0001	0.0023
4	0.0017	0.0019	0.0026
5	0.0019	0.0024	0.0031
6	0.0001	0.0028	0.0029
7	0.0047	0.0063	0.0079
8	0.0010	0.0107	0.0107
9	0.0071	0.0031	0.0077
10	0.0079	0.0015	0.0080
11	0.0086	0.0071	0.0112
12	−0.0037	0.0124	0.0129
13	0.0193	−0.0116	0.0225
14	0.0232	−0.0067	0.0241

Group No.	$Δ x / P i x e l s$	$Δ y / P i x e l s$	${E r r o r}_{P} / P i x e l s$
1	0.0035	−0.0042	0.0055
2	0.0041	0.0007	0.0041
3	−0.0001	0.0031	0.0031
4	−0.0033	0.0014	0.0035
5	−0.0039	−0.0015	0.0042
6	0.0003	−0.0022	0.0022
7	0.0024	0.0024	0.0034
8	0.0013	0.0030	0.0033
9	0.0021	0.0008	0.0023
10	0.0054	0.0007	0.0055
Mean value	0.0012	0.0004	0.0037
RMSE	0.0030	0.0024	0.0011

	References/Pixels		Differences/Pixels
Target Number	$x$	$y$	$Δ x$	$Δ y$	$Δ = \sqrt{Δ x^{2} + Δ y^{2}}$
A1	−1810.9635	790.8596	−0.0294	−0.0374	0.0475
A2	−1483.2160	805.7276	−0.0224	−0.0380	0.0441
…	…	…	…	…	…
A51	290.7321	−605.1866	0.0226	0.0284	0.0363
A52	808.9828	−573.4918	0.0372	0.0271	0.0460
Average value					0.0298
${R M S}_{P}$					0.0122

Algorithms	$\bar{Δ} / P i x e l s$	${R M S}_{P} P i x e l s$
GWC	0.0603	0.0251
GTWC	0.0613	0.0244
GSWC	0.0328	0.0133
GTVIWC	0.0298	0.0122

Abstract

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Applied Optics